Nephridia and Malpighian Tubules: The Excretory Systems of Animals

Introduction In the vast and diverse animal kingdom, efficient waste removal is essential for maintaining homeostasis and overall health. Two crucial excretory systems found in different groups of animals are nephridia and Malpighian…

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What is Stimulus and response in animals

Stimulus and response are two important concepts in the study of animal behavior. Stimulus and response play a role in showing animal adaptation and evolution. Animals that have effective responses to stimuli are…

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